[417], The Starmus III Festival in 2016 was a tribute to Stephen Hawking and the book of all Starmus III lectures, "Beyond the Horizon", was also dedicated to him. [34] His paternal great-grandmother saved the family from financial ruin by opening a school in their home. – was posthumously published in the Journal of High Energy Physics on 27 April 2018. At that time, younger boys could attend one of the houses. [360] Hawking viewed spaceflight and the colonisation of space as necessary for the future of humanity. [124][236][237] According to Jane, her husband was accepting of the situation, stating "he would not object so long as I continued to love him". To continue reading login or create an account. Hawking quickly conceded that he had lost his bet[199][200] and said that Higgs should win the Nobel Prize for Physics,[201] which he did in 2013. [132] Following a conference in Moscow in October 1981, Hawking and Gary Gibbons[8] organised a three-week Nuffield Workshop in the summer of 1982 on "The Very Early Universe" at Cambridge University, a workshop that focused mainly on inflation theory. He stated: "There is a fundamental difference between religion, which is based on authority, [and] science, which is based on observation and reason. degree in physics. [55] With time, he began to show considerable aptitude for scientific subjects and, inspired by Tahta, decided to read mathematics at university. "My original aim was to write a book that would sell on airport bookstalls," he told reporters at the time. "[358], In 2006, Hawking posed an open question on the Internet: "In a world that is in chaos politically, socially and environmentally, how can the human race sustain another 100 years? "[266] His wife, Jane Hawking, later noted: "Some people would call it determination, some obstinacy. [310], Hawking died at his home in Cambridge on 14 March 2018, at the age of 76. He belonged to a family of well educated people. He made it appealing to the general public by publishing his bestselling book, “A Brief History of Time” in 1988. "[69][71] He was held in higher regard than he believed; as Berman commented, the examiners "were intelligent enough to realise they were talking to someone far cleverer than most of themselves". [78][79] Hawking started developing a reputation for brilliance and brashness when he publicly challenged the work of Fred Hoyle and his student Jayant Narlikar at a lecture in June 1964. Success in creating AI would be the biggest event in human history. [302] In 2013, the biographical documentary film Hawking, in which Hawking himself is featured, was released. [136][137], Hawking subsequently developed the research in collaboration with Jim Hartle,[8] and in 1983 they published a model, known as the Hartle–Hawking state. [165][166], He received further academic recognition, including five more honorary degrees,[162] the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society (1985),[167] the Paul Dirac Medal (1987)[162] and, jointly with Penrose, the prestigious Wolf Prize (1988). In his 2013 book My Brief History, Hawking said that his diagnosis spurred him to work harder. "Stephen Hawking: 'Transcendence looks at the implications of artificial intelligence – but are we taking AI seriously enough? [63][64] His physics-tutor, Robert Berman, later said, "It was only necessary for him to know that something could be done, and he could do it without looking to see how other people did it. [82] Inspired by Roger Penrose's theorem of a spacetime singularity in the centre of black holes, Hawking applied the same thinking to the entire universe; and, during 1965, he wrote his thesis on this topic. Since 1974 he labored extensively on marrying the two cornerstones of modern physics—Einstein's general theory of relativity, which concerns gravity and large-scale phenomena, and quantum theory, which covers subatomic particles. So, when asked at the viva to describe his plans, he said, "If you award me a First, I will go to Cambridge. [170][171], Hawking pursued his work in physics: in 1993 he co-edited a book on Euclidean quantum gravity with Gary Gibbons and published a collected edition of his own articles on black holes and the Big Bang. [249] After his second marriage, Hawking's family felt excluded and marginalised from his life. [86], The couple resided in Cambridge, within Hawking's walking distance to the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics (DAMTP). Stephen William Hawking CH CBE FRS FRSA (8 January 1942 – 14 March 2018) was an English theoretical physicist, cosmologist, and author who was director of research at the Centre for Theoretical Cosmology at the University of Cambridge at the time of his death. [344][345][346][347] Later, in October 2018, another of his final research studies, entitled Black Hole Entropy and Soft Hair,[348] was published, and dealt with the "mystery of what happens to the information held by objects once they disappear into a black hole". [241] The impact of his celebrity was challenging for colleagues and family members, while the prospect of living up to a worldwide fairytale image was daunting for the couple. [410] In 2015, he applied to trademark his name. [177][195] In January 2014, he called the alleged loss of information in black holes his "biggest blunder". Preskill argued the opposite, that since quantum mechanics suggests that the information emitted by a black hole relates to information that fell in at an earlier time, the concept of black holes given by general relativity must be modified in some way. I'm an atheist. He once said, 'It would not be much of a universe if it wasn't home to the people you love.' [416] Recipients receive a medal bearing a portrait of Hawking by Alexei Leonov, and the other side represents an image of Leonov himself performing the first spacewalk along with an image of the "Red Special", the guitar of Queen musician and astrophysicist Brian May (with music being another major component of the Starmus Festival). [163] Hawking travelled extensively to promote his work, and enjoyed partying and dancing into the small hours. [307] On 26 April 2007, Hawking flew aboard a specially-modified Boeing 727-200 jet operated by Zero-G Corp off the coast of Florida to experience weightlessness. [369], If you like, you can call the laws of science 'God', but it wouldn't be a personal God that you would meet and put questions to. Stephen Hawking was a British scientist, professor and author who performed groundbreaking work in physics and cosmology, and whose books helped to … [399] Hawking appeared in documentaries titled The Real Stephen Hawking (2001),[300] Stephen Hawking: Profile (2002)[400] and Hawking (2013), and the documentary series Stephen Hawking, Master of the Universe (2008). Stephen Hawking, einer der bedeutendsten Wissenschaftler aller Zeiten, ist tot. The couple had three children: Robert, born May 1967,[227][228] Lucy, born November 1969,[229] and Timothy, born April 1979. Hawking had wanted the film to be scientific rather than biographical, but he was persuaded otherwise. But now science offers a more convincing explanation. [164][169] He reportedly declined a knighthood in the late 1990s in objection to the UK's science funding policy. It is theorized that Stephen Hawking wasn’t in fact diagnosed with ALS, or that he was and he died meaning that somebody replaced him. [41][42] During one of Hawking's father's frequent absences working in Africa,[43] the rest of the family spent four months in Mallorca visiting his mother's friend Beryl and her husband, the poet Robert Graves. Hawking began his university education at University College, Oxford, in October 1959 at the age of 17, where he received a first-class BA (Hons.) Hawking's scientific works included a collaboration with Roger Penrose on gravitational singularity theorems in the framework of general relativity and the theoretical prediction that black holes emit radiation, often called Hawking radiation. [122][123] He was appointed a professor with a chair in gravitational physics in 1977. [129] In 1981, he proposed that information in a black hole is irretrievably lost when a black hole evaporates. [158][159][160] The book was translated into many languages,[161] and ultimately sold an estimated 9 million copies. [48] The family placed a high value on education. [88][87], In his work, and in collaboration with Penrose, Hawking extended the singularity theorem concepts first explored in his doctoral thesis. I've called it both at one time or another. [418], English theoretical physicist, cosmologist, and author, By considering the effect of a black hole's. See Guth (1997) for a popular description of the workshop, or, Stephen Hawking's Black Hole Theory (video; 08:39; 16 October 2018), Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Sciences, Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics, BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award, Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1974, Commander of the Order of the British Empire, Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society, Black Holes and Baby Universes and Other Essays, Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, United Kingdom withdrawal from the European Union, Stephen Hawking Medal for Science Communication, The Dreams That Stuff Is Made of: The Most Astounding Papers of Quantum Physics and How They Shook the Scientific World, Black Holes & Time Warps: Einstein's Outrageous Legacy, "The Singularities of Gravitational Collapse and Cosmology", "Stephen Hawking to Join Newton, Darwin in Final Resting Place", "Stephen William Hawking CH CBE. Along with Roger Penrose, he did ground-breaking work on singularities. Hawking received numerous awards and honours. As it was not possible to read mathematics there at the time, Hawking decided to study physics and chemistry. One cannot travel north of the North Pole, but there is no boundary there – it is simply the point where all north-running lines meet and end. [278], During a visit to CERN on the border of France and Switzerland in mid-1985, Hawking contracted pneumonia, which in his condition was life-threatening; he was so ill that Jane was asked if life support should be terminated. [30][35] Hawking had two younger sisters, Philippa and Mary, and an adopted brother, Edward Frank David (1955–2003). [341] His final words to the world appeared posthumously, in April 2018, in the form of a Smithsonian TV Channel documentary entitled, Leaving Earth: Or How to Colonize a Planet. [288], Released from the need to use somebody to interpret his speech, Hawking commented that "I can communicate better now than before I lost my voice. They travelled to the United States several times for conferences and physics-related visits. In a statement, Hawking's three children—Lucy, Robert and Tim—described their father as "a great scientist and an extraordinary man whose work and legacy will live on for many years. Hellyer Jones became close to the Hawking family, and by the mid-1980s, he and Jane had developed romantic feelings for each other. vezető angol elméleti fizikus.Nem csupán kiemelkedő szakmai sikerei által ismert, hanem a laikusoknak szóló ismeretterjesztési munkássága révén is azon kevés tudós közé sorolható, akik részei lettek a populáris kultúrának is, mint például Albert Einstein In collaboration with G. Ellis, Hawking is the author of an impressive and original treatise on "Space-time in the Large". [340], Hawking's final broadcast interview, about the detection of gravitational waves resulting from the collision of two neutron stars, occurred in October 2017. [113][114], Hawking was appointed to the Sherman Fairchild Distinguished Visiting Professorship at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) in 1974. So nimmt die Welt Abschied vom legendären Astrophysiker. [285][297] Near the end of his life, Hawking experienced increased breathing difficulties, often resulting in his requiring the usage of a ventilator, and being regularly hospitalised. [96] To Hawking's irritation, Jacob Bekenstein, a graduate student of John Wheeler, went further—and ultimately correctly—to apply thermodynamic concepts literally. You have 4 free articles remaining this month, Sign-up to our daily newsletter for more articles like this + access to 5 extra articles. In the late 1980s, Hawking grew close to one of his nurses, Elaine Mason, to the dismay of some colleagues, caregivers, and family members, who were disturbed by her strength of personality and protectiveness. [178], Hawking also maintained his public profile, including bringing science to a wider audience. [186][187], Hawking continued to travel widely, including trips to Chile, Easter Island, South Africa, Spain (to receive the Fonseca Prize in 2008),[188][189] Canada,[190] and numerous trips to the United States. [272], Hawking's speech deteriorated, and by the late 1970s he could be understood by only his family and closest friends. [203] The book was followed by sequels in 2009, 2011, 2014 and 2016. [34] Despite their families' financial constraints, both parents attended the University of Oxford, where Frank read medicine and Isobel read Philosophy, Politics and Economics. I believe in universal health care. [3][better source needed] As required by Cambridge University policy, Hawking retired as Lucasian Professor of Mathematics in 2009. [306] It was described as a successful test to see if he could withstand the g-forces involved in space flight. They discussed the Big Bang theory, God and the possibility of extraterrestrial life. Follow me on Twitter. Jane & Stephen didn’t live in Cambridge the entirety of their marriage. ",[142] also stating "If we discover a complete theory, it would be the ultimate triumph of human reason – for then we should know the mind of God";[143] in his early work, Hawking spoke of God in a metaphorical sense. [29][30][31][32] Hawking's mother was born into a family of doctors in Glasgow, Scotland. [185] Top-down cosmology posits that the present "selects" the past from a superposition of many possible histories. [36][37], In 1950, when Hawking's father became head of the division of parasitology at the National Institute for Medical Research, the family moved to St Albans, Hertfordshire. Related: Did Stephen Hawking believe in God? [208], Several buildings have been named after him, including the Stephen W. Hawking Science Museum in San Salvador, El Salvador,[209] the Stephen Hawking Building in Cambridge,[210] and the Stephen Hawking Centre at the Perimeter Institute in Canada. "[141], Hawking did not rule out the existence of a Creator, asking in A Brief History of Time "Is the unified theory so compelling that it brings about its own existence? Hawking was born on 8 January 1942[24][25] [125][225] Hawking later said that the engagement gave him "something to live for". [38] They lived a frugal existence in a large, cluttered, and poorly maintained house and travelled in a converted London taxicab. Stephen Hawking was born on January 8, 1942, in Oxford, England, to Frank and Isobel Hawking. As he had pneumonia in 2013, he was advised not to have ice poured over him, but his children volunteered to accept the challenge on his behalf. [186][253] Reflecting on this happier period, a revised version of Jane's book, re-titled Travelling to Infinity: My Life with Stephen, appeared in 2007,[251] and was made into a film, The Theory of Everything, in 2014.
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