[79], This table summarises the various components of EU laws applied in the EU member states and their sovereign territories. Finally, the Governing Council of the European Central Bank includes the governors of the national central banks (who may or may not be government appointed) of each euro area country. In return, they pay a membership fee and have to adopt most areas of EU law (which they do not have direct impact in shaping). European Union statistics state that France, Great Britain and Germany are among the largest national markets for food products. The six largest states are also granted an Advocates General in the Court of Justice. [20] For a state to join the European Union, the prior approval of all current member states is required. Due to this situation, they have derogation from some EU policies despite being part of the European Union. Member states must agree unanimously for the EU to adopt some policies; for others, collective decision making is by qualified majority voting. The euro is legal tender;[11] however, they are outside the Schengen Area and the EU VAT Area. The Netherlands Antilles were initially specifically excluded from all association with the EEC by reason of a protocol attached to the Treaty of Rome, allowing the Netherlands to ratify on behalf of the Netherlands in Europe and Netherlands New Guinea only, which it subsequently did. [56] However, the exact political system of a state is not limited, with each state having its own system based on its historical evolution. Indeed, the state's flag resembles the EU's flag according to some observers. The members of the European Parliament have been elected by universal suffrage since 1979 (before that, they were seconded from national parliaments). On 24 December 2020, it was announced that The United Kingdom and The European Union had agreed a post Brexit trade deal, to take effect after the transition period expires on 1 January 2021. especially Google Streetview, on. The European Union (EU) consists of 27 member states. EU law is suspended in the northern third of the island (the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, whose independence is recognised only by Turkey) by article 1(1) of the Cyprus Protocol. The Lisbon Treaty made the first provision of a member state to leave. What were you looking for? Until 2020, no member state had ever withdrawn or been suspended from the EU, though some dependent territories or semi-autonomous areas had previously left. The notion of multi-speed integration is anathema to some, including President Juncker, who see it as divisive to the European project and others, such as the less-integrated states, who feel they would be left behind. [19] Yet, the freedom of establishment is limited by Article 203 TFEU and the respective Council Decision on OCTs. Azores and Madeira are integral parts of the Portuguese Republic, but both have the special status as Autonomous Regions, with a degree of self-governance. Saint Martin is the only overseas collectivity of France with the status of being an outermost region of the EU. [21], The state in question would still be bound by the obligations treaties and the Council acting by majority may alter or lift such sanctions. According to the Copenhagen criteria, membership of the European Union is open to any European country that is a stable, free-market liberal democracy that respects the rule of law and human rights. U.S. Mission to the EU Press Release Brussels, June 30, 2020 On June 30, 2020, the U.S. Mission to the European Union hosted a virtual… The United States Announces Additional Humanitarian Assistance for the Syrian People Under the treaty signed by Finnish and Russian governments, Russian law is in force with a few exceptions concerning maritime rules and the employment of canal staff which fall under Finnish jurisdiction. [22] There is no formal limit to how much time a member state can take between adopting a policy of withdrawal, and actually triggering Article 50. In addition, to protect the local economy, the treaty of accession allows for a concept of hembygdsrätt/kotiseutuoikeus (regional citizenship). Up to 1 September 1962 no Community treaty applied there, besides ECSC preferences. In June 2008, the Dutch government published a report on the projected effect on the islands were they to join the EU as outermost regions. [49], EU integration is not always symmetrical, with some states proceeding with integration ahead of hold-outs. The islands inherited their OCT status from the Netherlands Antilles which was dissolved in 2010. Ireland does not participate in the Schengen Agreement. A company which receives government support gains an advantage over its competitors. The Frisian language is not an official language of the European Union. [5] Saint Barthélemy changed its status from OMR to OCT with effect from 1 January 2012. This page was last edited on 1 April 2021, at 12:39. [27], The French Southern and Antarctic Lands (which also include the French Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean, and the French claim of Adélie Land in Antarctica) is a French Overseas Territory but has no permanent population. The OCTs are not subject to the EU's common external customs tariffs[20] but may claim customs on goods imported from the EU on a non-discriminatory basis. [35] None of the islands use the euro as their currency. [13] As with the French overseas departments, the euro is legal tender in Saint Martin, and it is outside the Schengen Area and the EU VAT Area. The UK government invoked Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union on 29 March 2017 to formally initiate the Brexit process. On 22 February 2007, Saint Martin and Saint Barthélemy were broken away from the French overseas department of Guadeloupe to form new overseas collectivities. Flaminio Costa v E.N.E.L. As a consequence, their EU status was unclear for a time. The member states shall facilitate the achievement of the Union's tasks and refrain from any measure which could jeopardise the attainment of the Union's objectives. All OCTs have joined OCTA as of February 2020. Around 80 percent of this area is represented by Greenland. Their current OCT status, and the prospect of advancing their status to become part of the EU as new OMRs (outermost regions), was reviewed by the Dutch parliament in 2015,[39] as part of the planned review of the Dutch law (WOLBES and FINBES) concerning the quality of their recently implemented new public administration bodies. Full membership gives the government of a member state a seat in the Council of the European Union and European Council. [66] They are also outside the customs union and VAT area,[10] but no customs are levied on goods exported from the Union into either Ceuta and Melilla, and certain goods originating in Ceuta and Melilla are exempt from customs charges. It was excluded from the EU customs area until the end of 2019. [73] This position was changed by the Cypriot accession treaty so that EU law, while still not applying in principle, applied to the extent necessary to implement a protocol attached to that treaty. [8][9] Their VAT is lower than the rest of Portugal, but they are not outside the EU VAT Area. However most negotiations are still dominated by the larger states. Åland, a group of islands belonging to Finland, but with partial autonomy, located between Sweden and Finland, with a Swedish-speaking population, joined the EU along with Finland in 1995. Basque, Catalan/Valencian, Occitan and Galician are co-official languages with Castilian Spanish in their respective territories, allowing their use in EU institutions under limited circumstances. [50][51], There are several different forms closer integration both within and outside the EU's normal framework. The French Southern and Antarctic Lands is the only special territory without a permanent population. [28] Subsequently, the UK sought, and was granted, a number of Article 50 extensions until 31 January 2020. Very early on in the history of the EU, the unique state of its establishment and pooling of sovereignty was emphasised by the Court of Justice:[38]. Give feedback about this website or report a problem Find what you wanted? [10][64] Shops and restaurants in Campione accept payments in both euros and Swiss francs, and prices are displayed in both euros and Swiss francs.[65]. Denmark has an opt out from the Common Security and Defence Policy; Denmark and Ireland have an opt-out on police and justice matters and Poland has an opt out from the Charter of Fundamental Rights.[54]. Norway and Switzerland have special areas. Europe in 12 lessons. They are part of the EU but they are excluded from the common agricultural and fisheries policies. The democratic repercussions of this have been described as "fax democracy" (waiting for new laws to be faxed in from Brussels rather than being involved in drafting them). The treaties do not give a judgement on the matter but court judgements have established EU's law superiority over national law and it is affirmed in a declaration attached to the Treaty of Lisbon (the European Constitution would have fully enshrined this). The OCTs have been explicitly invited by the EU treaty to join the EU-OCT Association (OCTA). In a non-binding referendum in June 2016—the result of which the government promised to implement—the United Kingdom voted to withdraw from the EU. Their status is described in the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, and they are not part of the EU or the European Single Market. [77] In a declaration attached to the Treaty of Establishment of the Republic of Cyprus of 1960, the British government undertook not to allow new settlement of people in the sovereign base areas other than for temporary purposes. 3.4): Overview of European Union countries, "Mixed village in Cyprus buffer zone looks to offer hope", German Wikipedia about Büsingen am Hochrhein, "CAMPIONE D'ITALIA - Italy in Switzerland ENCLAVES", Act concerning the conditions of accession of the Kingdom of Spain and the Portuguese Republic and the adjustments to the Treaties, Protocol 10 to the Treaty of Accession 2003, "COUNCIL DECISION of 10 June 2004 concerning the representation of the people of Cyprus in the European Parliament in case of a settlement of the Cyprus problem (2004/511/EC)", Protocol 3 to the Treaty of Accession 2003, "First Report on the implementation of the provisions of Protocol No 3 to the 2003 Act of Accession on the Sovereign Base Areas of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in Cyprus", "EURO ORDINANCE 2007 An Ordinance to provide for the adoption of the euro as legal tender in the Sovereign Base Areas and for related matters", "Declaration by Her Majesty's Government Regarding the Administration of the Sovereign Base Areas", Protocol relating to the Sovereign Base Areas of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in Cyprus, Council Regulation (EC) No 866/2004 of 29 April 2004 on a regime under Article 2 of Protocol No 10 of the Act of Accession, Council Regulation (EC) No 293/2005 of 17 February 2005 amending Regulation (EC) No 866/2004 on a regime under Article 2 of Protocol 10 to the Act of Accession as regards agriculture and facilities for persons crossing the line, "The Saimaa Canal - Finnish Transport Agency", "Treaty establishing the European Coal and Steel Community (Paris, 18 April 1951)", Annex IV: Overseas countries and territories, Treaty establishing the European Community (consolidated version) - Text of the Treaty, Protocol on the application of the Treaty establishing the European Atomic Energy Community to the non European parts of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Act ratifying the EAEC Treaty in the Netherlands, European Economic Community Treaty, Art 227, Agreement concluded by the Council of the European Union and the Republic of Iceland and the Kingdom of Norway concerning the latters' association with the implementation, application and development of the Schengen acquis - Final Act, Agreement on the European Economic Area - Protocol 40 on Svalbard, Declaration for activation of Protocol40 exclusion, "Foreign Minister says Cyprus not to join Schengen before 2010", Deal between Spain and UK plans to eliminate Gibraltar border checkpoint, "Information for Businesses/01 Customs and fiscal territories/index.jsp The customs and fiscal territories of the European Community", "0466en01.pdf Direct Trade Regulation proposal, not yet implemented", "Procedure File: 2006/2012(INI) - Legislative Observatory - European Parliament", "2002325EN.003301.html Treaty Establishing the European Community, part four", "Agreement between the European Community, of the one part, and the Government of Denmark and the Home Government of the Faroe Islands", "Treaty of Lisbon, Article 2, points 287 and 293", "summaries/economic and monetary affairs/institutional and economic framework/l25042 en.htm Agreements concerning the French territorial communities". They are outside the EU VAT Area. Minimal or none. In particular, national security remains the sole responsibility of each member state. Therefore, the Treaty generally prohibits State aid unless it is justified by reasons of general economic development. The special territories of the European Union are 32 territories of EU member states which, for historical, geographical, or political reasons, enjoy special status within or outside the European Union. Most states, especially the smaller ones, are unitary states; meaning all major political power is concentrated at the national level. [10] Notwithstanding that a special permit is required to enter the peninsula and that there is a prohibition on the admittance of women, it is part of the Schengen Area. No permanent population; not part of any of the eight former. The EU appointed representative has the power to impose legislation and dismiss elected officials and civil servants, meaning the EU has greater direct control over Bosnia and Herzegovina than its own states. Judgment of the Court of 15 July 1964. The Netherlands Antillean guilder was supposed to be replaced by the, The full Schengen acquis applies to all Spanish territories, but there are border checks on departure from Ceuta and Melilla to Spain or other Schengen countries, because of specific arrangements for visa exemptions for Moroccan nationals resident in the provinces of. [70][71] Citizens of the Republic of Cyprus living in Northern Cyprus are EU citizens and are nominally entitled to vote in elections to the European Parliament; however, elections to that Parliament are not organised in Northern Cyprus as it is governed de facto a separate state, albeit a state recognized only by Turkey.[72]. Two protocols to the Treaty of Accession 2003—numbers 3 and 10, known as the "Sovereign Base Areas Protocol" and the "Cyprus Protocol" respectively – reflect this complex situation. [59], In the same manner as Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo is under heavy EU influence, particularly after the de facto transfer from UN to EU authority. However, there is also the largely defunct term of associate member. The Faroe Islands are not part of the EU, and they have not been part of the EU since Denmark joined the community in 1973. They are inside the single market (with exceptions) and the Schengen area, but outside the Eurozone, customs territory, and VAT area. In those special cases, VAT rules do not apply and they may also be exempt from customs or excise rules.[48][49]. Completion occurred on 31 January 2020 (at 23:00 London time),[2] with all other arrangements remained in place during a transition period, which ended at 23:00 GMT on the 31 December 2020, while future trading arrangements were discussed. The islands had a separate referendum on accession and like the Finnish mainland voted in favour. "The provisions of Part Four of the Treaty were applied to Surinam, by virtue of a Supplementary Act of the Kingdom of the Netherlands (. [5] All form part of the European Union customs area, however some fall outside of the Schengen Area and the European Union Value Added Tax Area. The Faroese króna is not a separate currency, but a local issue of the Danish krone, 150 non-permanent in winter, 310 in summer (research and military personnel). The next edition of The State of the Union will take place in Florence between Thursday 6 May and Saturday 8 May 2021.The forthcoming edition will mark the tenth anniversary of the European University Institute’s flagship conference which over the past decade has firmly established itself as a key forum for discussion and debate on the most pertinent issues facing Europe and Europeans. 10 member state territories have ad hoc arrangements in their relationship with the EU. Unlike members of other international organisations, the member states of the EU have agreed by treaty to shared sovereignty through the institutions of the European Union in some (but by no means all) aspects of government. To ensure that Greece complied with the conditions set by the European troika (ECB, IMF, Commission), a 'large-scale technical assistance' from the European Commission and other member states was deployed to Greek government ministries. This area is a part of Russia but is also a de facto part of the Schengen area. There are a number of overseas member state territories which are legally part of the EU, but have certain exemptions based on their remoteness. The UK government triggered Article 50 on 29 March 2017. [3] The status of an uninhabited territory, Clipperton, remains unclear since it is not explicitly mentioned in primary EU law and has a sui generis status at the national level.[4][d]. In the 1950s, six core states founded the EU's predecessor European Communities (Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and West Germany). [75] The UK also agreed in the Protocol to keep enough control of the external (i.e. 3 MEMORIE VAN TOELICHTING", PRO PRI.htm Protocol on the application of the Treaty establishing the European Atomic Energy Community to the non European parts of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, "Declaration on the towns of Ceuta and Melilla regarding Schengen", Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union § Article 355, Information on the "Territorial status of EU countries and certain territories" from the European Commission, Review of CARIFORUM-EU EPA - and Implications for the British and Dutch Caribbean Octs, European Coal and Steel Community (1951–2002), European Economic Community (1958–1993/2009), Mechanism for Cooperation and Verification, Cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants, Largest cities by population within city limits, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special_member_state_territories_and_the_European_Union&oldid=1015429627, Special territories of the European Union, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2009, Articles with French-language sources (fr), Pages using collapsible list with both background and text-align in titlestyle, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2020, Wikipedia articles in need of updating from May 2019, All Wikipedia articles in need of updating, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Belgium (with multiple territories, from ECSC formation until 1962), France (with multiple territories, from ECSC formation), The Netherlands (with multiple territories, from ECSC formation), Portugal (with multiple territories, from, United Kingdom (with multiple territories, from. Its Article 51(1)(a) prescribes only that "the Union shall accord to natural and legal persons of the OCTs a treatment no less favourable than the most favourable treatment applicable to like natural and legal persons of any third country with whom the Union concludes or has concluded an economic integration agreement." [24], Beyond the formal withdrawal of a member state, there are a number of independence movements such as Catalonia or Flanders which could result in a similar situation to Greenland. A reservation taken by a Member State of the European Union applies to a measure of a government at the national, regional, provincial, territorial or local level within that Member State. The obligations provided for in paragraph 1 of this Article shall not apply to treatment granted under measures providing for recognition of qualifications, licences or prudential measures in accordance with Article VII of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) or the GATS Annex on Financial Services. Enlargement of the Union is also contingent upon the consent of all existing members and the candidate's adoption of the existing body of EU law, known as the acquis communautaire. The sovereign base areas' authorities also made provision for the unilateral application of directly applicable EU law. French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte, and Réunion are five French overseas regions (which are also overseas departments) which under French law are, for the most part, treated as integral parts of the Republic. Four months after such a decision has been adopted, new elections to the European Parliament will be held on the island to elect Cypriot representatives from the whole of the island. Finland leases the 19.6 kilometres (12.2 mi)-long Russian part of the Saimaa Canal from Russia and is granted extraterritoriality rights. български español čeština dansk Deutsch eesti ελληνικά English (Current language) français Gaeilge hrvatski italiano When it was a member, some of its Crown dependencies and overseas territories were partially integrated with the EU. Most states outside the Eurozone are obliged to adopt the euro when they are ready, but Denmark (and formerly the United Kingdom) has obtained the right to retain their own independent currency. While nominally part of the Schengen Area (Schengen visas are valid), Spain performs identity checks on all sea and air passengers leaving the enclaves for elsewhere in the Schengen Area.[67]. While a report issued by the French parliament suggested that the islands remained within the EU as outermost regions,[14] European Commission documents listed them as being outside the European Community. On 23 January 2020, the Withdrawal agreement was ratified by the Parliament of the United Kingdom, and on 29 January 2020 by the European Parliament. Identifying the breach requires unanimity (excluding the state concerned), but sanctions require only a qualified majority. [3] They were listed in the Article 198 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, which aside from inviting them to join OCTA, also provided them the opportunity to opt into EU provisions on the freedom of movement for workers[18] and freedom of establishment. It is not permissible to stop or walk along the road. [87] Euros are accepted for the canal fees. Since then it has been fully managed by Russian authorities, and is no longer part of the concession territory. Historically, larger member states were granted an extra Commissioner. When decisions are not being taken by consensus, qualified majority voting (which requires majorities both of the number of states and of the population they represent, but a sufficient blocking minority can veto the proposal). This comes in two forms; a faster integrated core where some states forge ahead with a new project, and opt-outs where a few states are excused from normal integration. [10], Mayotte is the newest of the five overseas departments, having changed from an overseas collectivity with OCT status on 31 March 2011. [36], – Article 4 of the Treaty on European Union. Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Saint Barthélemy, French Polynesia, and Wallis and Futuna are overseas collectivities (formerly referred to as overseas territories) of France, while New Caledonia is a "sui generis collectivity". [78], Under a protocol to the Brexit withdrawal agreement, certain provisions of EU law on agriculture, customs, indirect taxation, social security and border control continue to apply to the sovereign base areas. [21] They are not part of the EU and the EU acquis does not apply to them, though those joining OCTA are required to respect the detailed rules and procedures outlined by this association agreement (Council Decision 2013/755/EU). [10] The Canary Islands are the most populous and economically strongest territory of all the outermost regions in the European Union. Ceuta and Melilla are two Spanish cities on the North African coast. The inhabitants of the islands are EU citizens owing to their Dutch citizenship, with the right to vote in elections to the European Parliament. In contrast to other organisations, the EU's style of integration has "become a highly developed system for mutual interference in each other's domestic affairs". Natives of the collectivities are European citizens owing to their French citizenship and elections to the European Parliament are held in the collectivities. Some territories of EFTA member states also have a special status in regard to EU laws applied as is the case with some European microstates.[112]. It has occasionally been applied to states that have signed an association agreement with the EU. Why control State aid? The smallest by land area is the island of Saba in the Caribbean (13 km2 or 5 sq mi). The 13 Overseas Countries and Territories of the European Union are:[25], The Overseas Countries and Territories Association (OCTA) is an organisation founded on 17 November 2000 and headquartered in Brussels. Introduced in the Treaty of Amsterdam, Article 7 outlines that if a member persistently breaches the EU's founding principles (liberty, democracy, human rights and so forth, outlined in TEU Article 2) then the European Council can vote to suspend any rights of membership, such as voting and representation. [10], Mount Athos is an autonomous monastic region of Greece. Loi n°55-1052 du 6 août 1955 portant statut des Terres australes et antarctiques françaises et de l'île de Clipperton. [16] However, Saint Barthélemy ceased being an outermost region and left the EU, to become an OCT, on 1 January 2012. [74] This protocol applied EU law relating to the Common Agricultural Policy, customs, indirect taxation, social policy and justice and home affairs to the sovereign base areas. The European Union (EU) consists of 27 member states. 1. on Ceuta and Melilla attached to the Final Act of the Accession Treaty of the Kingdom of Spain to the Schengen Agreement (, See Article 299(6)(b) of the Consolidated Treaty establishing the European Community as amended by the, Joint Declaration No. The overseas countries and territories (OCT) are dependent territories that have a special relationship with one of the member states of the EU. Unlike other British overseas territories, their inhabitants (who are entitled to British Overseas Territories Citizenship) have never been entitled to British citizenship. See their entries in the article for details. However the EU mission does enjoy certain executive powers over the state and has a responsibility to maintain stability and order. 5 attached to the Final Act of the, Watch map services, [40] In October 2015, the review concluded the present legal structures for governance and integration with European Netherlands was not working well within the framework of WolBES, but no recommendations were made in regards of whether a switch from OCT to OMR status would help improve this situation.[41][42][43][44]. However, French Algeria, Greenland and Saint-Barthélemy did cease being part of the EU (or its predecessor) in 1962, 1985, and 2012, respectively, due to status changes. Case 6-64. Turkey's association agreement was the 1963 Ankara Agreement, implying that Turkey became an associate member that year. As such, they benefit from being able to have their own export and import policy to and from the EU, while still having access to various EU funds (such as the European Development Fund). [citation needed], The EU–Greenland relationship is a comprehensive partnership, which is complementary to the OCT association arrangements under "Council Decision 2013/755/EU"; based specifically on "Council Decision 2014/137 of 14 March 2014" (outlining the relations)[46] and the Fisheries Partnership Agreement of 30 July 2006. A2 is the countries that joined the EU in 2007, Bulgaria and Romania. The question of whether EU law is superior to national law is subject to some debate. [29][30], Each state has representation in the institutions of the European Union. Additionally, other acronyms have been used to refer to countries which have limited access to the EU labour market.[19]. [6], The 9 Outermost Regions of the European Union are:[7]. [81] However, Faroese people may become EU citizens by changing their residence to the Danish mainland. The Treaty of Nice included a preventive mechanism whereby the Council, acting by majority, may identify a potential breach and make recommendations to the state to rectify it before action is taken against it as outlined above. Cypriot nationality law extends to Northern Cyprus, meaning citizens of the Republic of Cyprus residing in Northern Cyprus are entitled to EU citizenship. [58] Spain and Italy have system of devolution where regions have autonomy, but the national government retains the right to revoke it. Bonaire, Saba, and Sint Eustatius: Inherited status as non-member from the Netherlands Antilles. [22] OCTA members are entitled to ask for EU financial support.[23]. One example of this is the European Public Prosecutor. One of the French territories subsequently switched status from OMR to OCT (Saint Barthélemy), while another French territory switched from OCT to OMR (Mayotte). "[42][43][44] The situation of the bailed out countries (Greece, Portugal and Ireland) has been described as being a ward[45][46] or protectorate[44][47][48] of the EU with some such as the Netherlands calling for a formalisation of the situation.
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